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Länder
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Background:
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Formerly the British
protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name upon
independence in 1966. Four decades of uninterrupted civilian leadership,
progressive social policies, and significant capital investment have
created one of the most dynamic economies in Africa. Mineral extraction,
principally diamond mining, dominates economic activity, though tourism
is a growing sector due to the country's conservation practices and
extensive nature preserves. Botswana has one of the world's highest
known rates of HIV/AIDS infection, but also one of Africa's most
progressive and comprehensive programs for dealing with the disease.
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Location:
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Southern Africa, north of
South Africa |
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Geographic coordinates:
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22 00 S, 24 00 E |
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Map references:
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Africa |
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Area:
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total: 600,370 sq
km
land: 585,370 sq km
water: 15,000 sq km |
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than
Texas
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Land boundaries:
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total: 4,013 km
border countries: Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km,
Zimbabwe 813 km
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Coastline:
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0 km (landlocked) |
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Maritime claims:
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none (landlocked) |
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Climate:
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semiarid; warm winters
and hot summers |
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Terrain:
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predominantly flat to
gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwest |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point:
junction of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers 513 m
highest point: Tsodilo Hills 1,489 m
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Natural resources:
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diamonds, copper, nickel,
salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver |
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Land use:
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arable land: 0.65%
permanent crops: 0.01%
other: 99.34% (2005) |
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Irrigated land:
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10 sq km (2003) |
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Natural hazards:
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periodic droughts;
seasonal August winds blow from the west, carrying sand and dust across
the country, which can obscure visibility |
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Environment - current issues:
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overgrazing;
desertification; limited fresh water resources |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
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Geography - note:
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landlocked; population
concentrated in eastern part of the country |
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Population:
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1,639,833
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life
expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population
and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age
and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2006 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 38.3%
(male 319,531/female 309,074)
15-64 years: 57.9% (male 460,692/female 488,577)
65 years and over: 3.8% (male 23,374/female 38,585) (2006 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 19.4 years
male: 18.8 years
female: 20 years (2006 est.) |
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Population growth rate:
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-0.04% (2006 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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23.08 births/1,000
population (2006 est.) |
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Death rate:
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29.5 deaths/1,000
population (2006 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
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6.07 migrant(s)/1,000
population
note: there is an increasing flow of Zimbabweans into South
Africa and Botswana in search of better economic opportunities (2006
est.) |
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.03
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.61 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2006 est.) |
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 53.7
deaths/1,000 live births
male: 54.92 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 52.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population:
33.74 years
male: 33.9 years
female: 33.56 years (2006 est.)
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Total fertility rate:
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2.79 children born/woman
(2006 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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37.3% (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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350,000 (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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33,000 (2003 est.) |
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Major infectious diseases:
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degree of risk:
high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2005) |
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Nationality:
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noun: Motswana
(singular), Batswana (plural)
adjective: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
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Ethnic groups:
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Tswana (or Setswana) 79%,
Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other, including Kgalagadi and white 7% |
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Religions:
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Christian 71.6%, Badimo
6%, other 1.4%, unspecified 0.4%, none 20.6% (2001 census) |
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Languages:
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Setswana 78.2%, Kalanga
7.9%, Sekgalagadi 2.8%, English 2.1% (official), other 8.6%, unspecified
0.4% (2001 census) |
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15
and over can read and write
total population: 79.8%
male: 76.9%
female: 82.4% (2003 est.) |
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Country name:
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conventional long
form: Republic of Botswana
conventional short form: Botswana
local long form: Republic of Botswana
local short form: Botswana
former: Bechuanaland |
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Government type:
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parliamentary republic
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Capital:
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name: Gaborone
geographic coordinates: 24 45 S, 25 55 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time) |
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Administrative divisions:
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9 districts and 5 town
councils*; Central, Francistown*, Gaborone*, Ghanzi, Jwaneng*,
Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, Lobatse*, Northeast, Northwest,
Selebi-Pikwe*, Southeast, Southern
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Independence:
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30 September 1966 (from
UK)
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National holiday:
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Independence Day
(Botswana Day), 30 September (1966) |
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Constitution:
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March 1965, effective 30
September 1966 |
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Legal system:
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based on Roman-Dutch law
and local customary law; judicial review limited to matters of
interpretation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age;
universal |
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Executive branch:
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chief of state:
President Festus G. MOGAE (since 1 April 1998) and Vice President
Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998); note - the president is both the
chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Festus G. MOGAE (since 1 April
1998) and Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998); note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president indirectly elected for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held 20 October 2004 (next
to be held in 2009); vice president appointed by the president
election results: Festus G. MOGAE elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - 52% |
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Legislative branch:
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bicameral Parliament
consists of the House of Chiefs (a largely advisory 15-member body with
8 permanent members consisting of the chiefs of the principal tribes,
and 7 non-permanent members serving 5-year terms, consisting of 4
elected subchiefs and 3 members selected by the other 12 members) and
the National Assembly (63 seats, 57 members are directly elected by
popular vote, 4 are appointed by the majority party, and 2, the
President and Attorney-General, serve as ex-officio members; members
serve five-year terms)
elections: National Assembly elections last held 30 October 2004
(next to be held October 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - BDP 51.7%, BNF
26.1%, BCP 16.6%, other 5%; seats by party - BDP 44, BNF 12, BCP 1 |
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Judicial branch:
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High Court; Court of
Appeal; Magistrates' Courts (one in each district) |
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Political parties and leaders:
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Botswana Alliance
Movement or BAM [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]; Botswana Congress Party or
BCP [Otlaadisa KOOSALETSE]; Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Festus G.
MOGAE]; Botswana National Front or BNF [Otswoletse MOUPO]; Botswana
Peoples Party or BPP; MELS Movement of Botswana or MELS; New Democratic
Front or NDF
note: a number of minor parties joined forces in 1999 to form the
BAM but did not capture any parliamentary seats - includes the United
Action Party [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]; the Independence Freedom Party
or IFP [Motsamai MPHO]; the Botswana Progressive Union [D. K. KWELE]
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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NA |
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International organization participation:
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ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO,
IMF, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO |
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission:
Ambassador Lapologang Caesar LEKOA
chancery: 1531-1533 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 244-4990
FAX: [1] (202) 244-4164 |
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission:
Ambassador Katherine H. CANAVAN
embassy: address NA, Gaborone
mailing address: Embassy Enclave, P. O. Box 90, Gaborone
telephone: [267] 353982
FAX: [267] 312782 |
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Flag description:
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light blue with a
horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center |
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Economy - overview:
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Botswana has maintained
one of the world's highest economic growth rates since independence in
1966. Through fiscal discipline and sound management, Botswana has
transformed itself from one of the poorest countries in the world to a
middle-income country with a per capita GDP of $10,000 in 2005. Two
major investment services rank Botswana as the best credit risk in
Africa. Diamond mining has fueled much of the expansion and currently
accounts for more than one-third of GDP and for 70-80% of export
earnings. Tourism, financial services, subsistence farming, and cattle
raising are other key sectors. On the downside, the government must deal
with high rates of unemployment and poverty. Unemployment officially is
23.8%, but unofficial estimates place it closer to 40%. HIV/AIDS
infection rates are the second highest in the world and threaten
Botswana's impressive economic gains. An expected leveling off in
diamond mining production overshadows long-term prospects. |
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$17.24 billion (2005
est.) |
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GDP (official exchange rate):
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$9.046 billion (2005
est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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4.5% (2005 est.) |
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GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$10,500 (2005 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 2.4%
industry: 46.9% (including 36% mining)
services: 50.7% (2003 est.) |
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Labor force:
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288,400 formal sector
employees (2004) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA% |
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Unemployment rate:
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23.8% (2004) |
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Population below poverty line:
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30.3% (2003) |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA% |
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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63 (1993) |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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8.6% (2005 est.) |
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Investment (gross fixed):
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20.3% of GDP (2005 est.)
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Budget:
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revenues: $3.766
billion
expenditures: $3.767 billion; including capital expenditures of
$NA (2005 est.) |
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Public debt:
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6.2% of GDP (2005 est.)
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Agriculture - products:
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livestock, sorghum,
maize, millet, beans, sunflowers, groundnuts |
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Industries:
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diamonds, copper, nickel,
salt, soda ash, potash; livestock processing; textiles |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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7.5% (2005 est.) |
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Electricity - production:
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891 million kWh (2004)
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)
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Electricity - consumption:
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2.641 billion kWh (2004)
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Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2002) |
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Electricity - imports:
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1.39 billion kWh (2002)
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Oil - production:
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0 bbl/day (2003) |
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Oil - consumption:
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12,000 bbl/day (2003
est.) |
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Oil - exports:
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NA bbl/day |
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Oil - imports:
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16,000 bbl/day (2001)
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Natural gas - production:
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0 cu m (2003 est.) |
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Natural gas - consumption:
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0 cu m (2003 est.) |
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Current account balance:
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$1.584 billion (2005
est.) |
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Exports:
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$3.68 billion f.o.b.
(2005 est.)
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Exports - commodities:
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diamonds, copper, nickel,
soda ash, meat, textiles |
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Exports - partners:
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European Free Trade
Association (EFTA) 87%, Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 7%,
Zimbabwe 4% (2004)
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Imports:
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$3.37 billion f.o.b.
(2005 est.)
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Imports - commodities:
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foodstuffs, machinery,
electrical goods, transport equipment, textiles, fuel and petroleum
products, wood and paper products, metal and metal products |
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Imports - partners:
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Southern African Customs
Union (SACU) 74%, EFTA 17%, Zimbabwe 4% (2004) |
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$6.309 billion (2005
est.) |
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Debt - external:
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$519 million (2005 est.)
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Economic aid - recipient:
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$73 million (1995) |
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Currency (code):
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pula (BWP) |
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Currency code:
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BWP |
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Exchange rates:
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pulas per US dollar -
5.1104 (2005), 4.6929 (2004), 4.9499 (2003), 6.3278 (2002), 5.8412
(2001) |
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Fiscal year:
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1 April - 31 March
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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132,000 (2005) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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823,100 (2005) |
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Telephone system:
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general assessment:
the system is expanding with the growth of mobile cellular service and
participation in regional development
domestic: small system of open-wire lines, microwave radio relay
links, and a few radiotelephone communication stations; mobile cellular
service is growing fast
international: country code - 267; two international exchanges;
digital microwave radio relay links to Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and
South Africa; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 8, FM 13, shortwave 4
(2001)
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Radios:
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252,720 (2000) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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1 (2001) |
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Televisions:
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31,000 (1997) |
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Internet country code:
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.bw |
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Internet hosts:
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1,621 (2005) |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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11 (2001) |
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Internet users:
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60,000 (2002) |
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Airports:
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85 (2006) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 10
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2006) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 75
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 55
under 914 m: 17 (2006)
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Railways:
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total: 888 km
narrow gauge: 888 km 1.067-m gauge (2005) |
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Roadways:
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total: 25,233 km
paved: 8,867 km
unpaved: 16,366 km (2003)
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Military branches:
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Botswana Defense Force
(includes an air wing) (2006) |
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Military service age and obligation:
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18 is the apparent age of
voluntary military service; the official qualifications for determining
minimum age are unknown (2001) |
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Manpower available for military service:
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males age 18-49:
350,649
females age 18-49: 361,642 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower fit for military service:
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males age 18-49:
136,322
females age 18-49: 136,315 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower reaching military service age annually:
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males age 18-49:
21,103
females age 18-49: 21,379 (2005 est.) |
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Military expenditures - dollar figure:
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$325.5 million (2005
est.) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
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3.4% (2005 est.)
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Transnational Issues |
Botswana |
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Disputes - international:
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commission established
with Namibia has yet to resolve small residual disputes along the
Caprivi Strip, including the Situngu marshlands along the Linyanti
River; downstream Botswana residents protest Namibia's planned
construction of the Okavango hydroelectric dam at Popavalle (Popa
Falls); Botswana has built electric fences to stem the thousands of
Zimbabweans who flee to find work and escape political persecution;
Namibia has long supported and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to
plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi
River, thereby de facto recognizing their short, but not clearly
delimited Botswana-Zambia boundary |
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Information |
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