|
Länder
|
Background:
|
Following three centuries
under the rule of Portugal, Brazil became an independent nation in 1822
and a republic in 1889. By far the largest and most populous country in
South America, Brazil overcame more than half a century of military
intervention in the governance of the country when in 1985 the military
regime peacefully ceded power to civilian rulers. Brazil continues to
pursue industrial and agricultural growth and development of its
interior. Exploiting vast natural resources and a large labor pool, it
is today South America's leading economic power and a regional leader.
Highly unequal income distribution remains a pressing problem.
|
|
Location:
|
Eastern South America,
bordering the Atlantic Ocean |
|
Geographic coordinates:
|
10 00 S, 55 00 W |
|
Map references:
|
South America |
|
Area:
|
total: 8,511,965
sq km
land: 8,456,510 sq km
water: 55,455 sq km
note: includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas,
Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo
|
|
Area - comparative:
|
slightly smaller than the
US
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
total: 16,884 km
border countries: Argentina 1,261 km, Bolivia 3,423 km, Colombia
1,644 km, French Guiana 730 km, Guyana 1,606 km, Paraguay 1,365 km, Peru
2,995 km, Suriname 593 km, Uruguay 1,068 km, Venezuela 2,199 km |
|
Coastline:
|
7,491 km |
|
Maritime claims:
|
territorial sea:
12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental margin
|
|
Climate:
|
mostly tropical, but
temperate in south |
|
Terrain:
|
mostly flat to rolling
lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and narrow coastal
belt |
|
Elevation extremes:
|
lowest point:
Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pico da Neblina 3,014 m |
|
Natural resources:
|
bauxite, gold, iron ore,
manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum, tin, uranium, petroleum,
hydropower, timber
|
|
Land use:
|
arable land: 6.93%
permanent crops: 0.89%
other: 92.18% (2005) |
|
Irrigated land:
|
29,200 sq km (2003) |
|
Natural hazards:
|
recurring droughts in
northeast; floods and occasional frost in south |
|
Environment - current issues:
|
deforestation in Amazon
Basin destroys the habitat and endangers a multitude of plant and animal
species indigenous to the area; there is a lucrative illegal wildlife
trade; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several
other large cities; land degradation and water pollution caused by
improper mining activities; wetland degradation; severe oil spills |
|
Environment - international agreements:
|
party to:
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
|
Geography - note:
|
largest country in South
America; shares common boundaries with every South American country
except Chile and Ecuador |
|
Population:
|
188,078,227
note: Brazil conducted a census in August 2000, which reported a
population of 169,799,170; that figure was about 3.3% lower than
projections by the US Census Bureau, and is close to the implied
underenumeration of 4.6% for the 1991 census; estimates for this country
explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to
AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality
and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the
distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be
expected (July 2006 est.) |
|
Age structure:
|
0-14 years: 25.8%
(male 24,687,656/female 23,742,998)
15-64 years: 68.1% (male 63,548,331/female 64,617,539)
65 years and over: 6.1% (male 4,712,675/female 6,769,028) (2006
est.) |
|
Median age:
|
total: 28.2 years
male: 27.5 years
female: 29 years (2006 est.) |
|
Population growth rate:
|
1.04% (2006 est.) |
|
Birth rate:
|
16.56 births/1,000
population (2006 est.) |
|
Death rate:
|
6.17 deaths/1,000
population (2006 est.) |
|
Net migration rate:
|
-0.03 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2006 est.) |
|
Sex ratio:
|
at birth: 1.05
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2006 est.) |
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
total: 28.6
deaths/1,000 live births
male: 32.3 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 24.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.) |
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
total population:
71.97 years
male: 68.02 years
female: 76.12 years (2006 est.)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
1.91 children born/woman
(2006 est.)
|
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|
0.7% (2003 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|
660,000 (2003 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|
15,000 (2003 est.) |
|
Nationality:
|
noun: Brazilian(s)
adjective: Brazilian |
|
Ethnic groups:
|
white 53.7%, mulatto
(mixed white and black) 38.5%, black 6.2%, other (includes Japanese,
Arab, Amerindian) 0.9%, unspecified 0.7% (2000 census) |
|
Religions:
|
Roman Catholic (nominal)
73.6%, Protestant 15.4%, Spiritualist 1.3%, Bantu/voodoo 0.3%, other
1.8%, unspecified 0.2%, none 7.4% (2000 census) |
|
Languages:
|
Portuguese (official),
Spanish, English, French |
|
Literacy:
|
definition: age 15
and over can read and write
total population: 86.4%
male: 86.1%
female: 86.6% (2003 est.) |
|
Country name:
|
conventional long
form: Federative Republic of Brazil
conventional short form: Brazil
local long form: Republica Federativa do Brasil
local short form: Brasil |
|
Government type:
|
federative republic |
|
Capital:
|
name: Brasilia
geographic coordinates: 15 47 S, 47 55 W
time difference: UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins third Sunday in October; ends
third Sunday in February
note: Brazil is divided into four time zones, including one for
the Fernando de Noronha islands |
|
Administrative divisions:
|
26 states (estados,
singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito federal); Acre,
Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*, Espirito
Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais,
Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do
Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo,
Sergipe, Tocantins |
|
Independence:
|
7 September 1822 (from
Portugal)
|
|
National holiday:
|
Independence Day, 7
September (1822)
|
|
Constitution:
|
5 October 1988 |
|
Legal system:
|
based on Roman codes; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
|
Suffrage:
|
voluntary between 16 and
18 years of age and over 70; compulsory over 18 and under 70 years of
age; note - military conscripts do not vote |
|
Executive branch:
|
chief of state:
President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1 January 2003); Vice
President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003); note - the president is
both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1
January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same
ticket by popular vote for a single four-year term; election last held 6
October 2002 (next to be held 1 October 2006, with a runoff on 29
October 2006 if necessary); runoff election held 27 October 2002
election results: in runoff election 27 October 2002, Luiz Inacio
LULA DA SILVA (PT) elected with 61.3% of the vote; Jose SERRA (PSDB)
38.7% |
|
Legislative branch:
|
bicameral National
Congress or Congresso Nacional consists of the Federal Senate or Senado
Federal (81 seats; 3 members from each state and federal district
elected according to the principle of majority to serve eight-year
terms; one-third elected after a four-year period, two-thirds elected
after the next four-year period) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara
dos Deputados (513 seats; members are elected by proportional
representation to serve four-year terms)
elections: Federal Senate - last held 6 October 2002 for
two-thirds of the Senate (next to be held October 2006 for one-third of
the Senate); Chamber of Deputies - last held 6 October 2002 (next to be
held October 2006)
election results: Federal Senate - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - PMDB 19, PFL 19, PT 14, PSDB 11, PDT 5, PSB 4, PL
3, PTB 3, PPS 1, PSD 1, PP 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party - PT 91, PFL 84, PMDB 74, PSDB 71, PP 49, PL
26, PTB 26, PSB 22, PDT 21, PPS 15, PCdoB 12, PRONA 6, PV 5, other 11;
note - many congressmen have changed party affiliation since the most
recent election
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
Supreme Federal Tribunal
(11 ministers are appointed for life by the president and confirmed by
the Senate); Higher Tribunal of Justice; Regional Federal Tribunals
(judges are appointed for life); note - though appointed "for life,"
judges, like all federal employees, have a mandatory retirement age of
70 |
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
Brazilian Democratic
Movement Party or PMDB [Federal Deputy Michel TEMER]; Brazilian Labor
Party or PTB [Flavio de CASTRO MARTINEZ]; Brazilian Social Democracy
Party or PSDB [Senator Tasso JEREISSATI]; Brazilian Socialist Party or
PSB [Federal Deputy Eduardo Henrique Accioly CAMPOS]; Communist Party of
Brazil or PCdoB [Jose Renato RABELO]; Democratic Labor Party or PDT
[Carlos Roberto LUPI]; Democratic Socialist Party or PSD [Luis Marques
MENDES]; Green Party or PV [Jose Luiz de Franca PENNA]; Liberal Front
Party or PFL [Senator Jorge BORNHAUSEN]; Liberal Party or PL [Federal
Deputy Valdemar COSTA Neto]; National Order Reconstruction Party or
PRONA [Federal Deputy Dr. Eneas Ferreira CARNEIRO]; Partido
Municipalista Renovador or PMR [Natal Wellington Rodrigues FURUCHO];
Popular Socialist Party or PPS [Federal Deputy Roberto FREIRE];
Progressive Party or PP [Federal Deputy Pedro CORREA]; Social Christian
Party or PSC [Vitor Jorge ABDALA NOSSEIS]; Workers' Party or PT [Ricardo
Jose Ribeiro BERZOINI] |
|
Political pressure groups and leaders:
|
Landless Worker's
Movement; labor unions and federations; large farmers' associations;
religious groups including evangelical Christian churches and the
Catholic Church |
|
International organization participation:
|
AfDB, BIS, CSN, FAO,
G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU,
LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS, OPANAL,
OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO |
|
Diplomatic representation in the US:
|
chief of mission:
Ambassador Roberto P. ABDENUR
chancery: 3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 238-2700
FAX: [1] (202) 238-2827
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles,
Miami, New York, San Francisco |
|
Diplomatic representation from the US:
|
chief of mission:
Ambassador John DANILOVICH
embassy: Avenida das Nacoes, Quadra 801, Lote 3, Distrito Federal
Cep 70403-900, Brasilia
mailing address: Unit 3500, APO AA 34030
telephone: [55] (61) 3312-7000
FAX: [55] (61) 3225-9136
consulate(s) general: Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo
consulate(s): Recife |
|
Flag description:
|
green with a large yellow
diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 27 white
five-pointed stars (one for each state and the Federal District)
arranged in the same pattern as the night sky over Brazil; the globe has
a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and
Progress) |
|
Economy - overview:
|
Characterized by large
and well-developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and service
sectors, Brazil's economy outweighs that of all other South American
countries and is expanding its presence in world markets. From 2001-03
real wages fell and Brazil's economy grew, on average only 2.2% per
year, as the country absorbed a series of domestic and international
economic shocks. That Brazil absorbed these shocks without financial
collapse is a tribute to the resiliency of the Brazilian economy and the
economic program put in place by former President CARDOSO and
strengthened by President LULA DA SILVA. In 2004, Brazil enjoyed more
robust growth that yielded increases in employment and real wages. The
three pillars of the economic program are a floating exchange rate, an
inflation-targeting regime, and tight fiscal policy, all reinforced by a
series of IMF programs. The currency depreciated sharply in 2001 and
2002, which contributed to a dramatic current account adjustment; in
2003 to 2005, Brazil ran record trade surpluses and recorded its first
current account surpluses since 1992. Productivity gains - particularly
in agriculture - also contributed to the surge in exports, and Brazil in
2005 surpassed the previous year's record export level. While economic
management has been good, there remain important economic
vulnerabilities. The most significant are debt-related: the government's
largely domestic debt increased steadily from 1994 to 2003 - straining
government finances - before falling as a percentage of GDP in 2005,
while Brazil's foreign debt (a mix of private and public debt) is large
in relation to Brazil's small (but growing) export base. Another
challenge is maintaining economic growth over a period of time to
generate employment and make the government debt burden more manageable.
|
|
GDP (purchasing power parity):
|
$1.556 trillion (2005
est.)
|
|
GDP (official exchange rate):
|
$619.7 billion (2005
est.) |
|
GDP - real growth rate:
|
2.4% (2005 est.) |
|
GDP - per capita (PPP):
|
$8,400 (2005 est.) |
|
GDP - composition by sector:
|
agriculture: 8.4%
industry: 40%
services: 51.6% (2005 est.) |
|
Labor force:
|
90.41 million (2005 est.)
|
|
Labor force - by occupation:
|
agriculture: 20%
industry: 14%
services: 66% (2003 est.) |
|
Unemployment rate:
|
9.8% (2005 est.) |
|
Population below poverty line:
|
22% (1998 est.) |
|
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
|
lowest 10%: 0.7%
highest 10%: 31.27% (2002) |
|
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|
59.7 (2004) |
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
6.9% (2005 est.) |
|
Investment (gross fixed):
|
19.9% of GDP (2005 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
revenues: $140.6
billion
expenditures: $172.4 billion; including capital expenditures of
$NA (2004) |
|
Public debt:
|
51.6% of GDP (2005 est.)
|
|
Agriculture - products:
|
coffee, soybeans, wheat,
rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef |
|
Industries:
|
textiles, shoes,
chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor
vehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment |
|
Industrial production growth rate:
|
3.4% (2005 est.) |
|
Electricity - production:
|
387.5 billion kWh (2004)
|
|
Electricity - production by source:
|
fossil fuel: 8.3%
hydro: 82.7%
nuclear: 4.4%
other: 4.6% (2001)
|
|
Electricity - consumption:
|
359.6 billion kWh (2004)
|
|
Electricity - exports:
|
6 million kWh (2004)
|
|
Electricity - imports:
|
37.4 billion kWh; note -
supplied by Paraguay (2004) |
|
Oil - production:
|
2.01 million bbl/day
(2005 est.)
|
|
Oil - consumption:
|
1.61 million bbl/day
(2004)
|
|
Oil - exports:
|
NA bbl/day |
|
Oil - imports:
|
NA bbl/day |
|
Oil - proved reserves:
|
15.12 billion bbl (2005
est.)
|
|
Natural gas - production:
|
15.79 billion cu m (2005
est.)
|
|
Natural gas - consumption:
|
21.74 billion cu m (2005
est.)
|
|
Natural gas - exports:
|
0 cu m (2005 est.) |
|
Natural gas - imports:
|
5.947 billion cu m (2005
est.)
|
|
Natural gas - proved reserves:
|
240 billion cu m (2005)
|
|
Current account balance:
|
$14.19 billion (2005
est.) |
|
Exports:
|
$115.1 billion f.o.b.
(2005 est.)
|
|
Exports - commodities:
|
transport equipment, iron
ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee, autos |
|
Exports - partners:
|
US 19.6%, China 7.5%,
Argentina 6.9%, Germany 5.3%, Mexico 4.3% (2005) |
|
Imports:
|
$78.02 billion f.o.b.
(2005 est.)
|
|
Imports - commodities:
|
machinery, electrical and
transport equipment, chemical products, oil |
|
Imports - partners:
|
US 19.7%, Germany 8.7%,
Argentina 8.2%, China 6.2%, Nigeria 6.1% (2005) |
|
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|
$53.8 billion (2005 est.)
|
|
Debt - external:
|
$188 billion (2005 est.)
|
|
Economic aid - recipient:
|
$30 billion (2002) |
|
Currency (code):
|
real (BRL) |
|
Currency code:
|
BRL |
|
Exchange rates:
|
reals per US dollar -
2.4344 (2005), 2.9251 (2004), 3.0771 (2003), 2.9208 (2002), 2.3577
(2001) |
|
Fiscal year:
|
calendar year |
|
Telephones - main lines in use:
|
42,382,200 (2004) |
|
Telephones - mobile cellular:
|
65.605 million (2004)
|
|
Telephone system:
|
general assessment:
good working system
domestic: extensive microwave radio relay system and a domestic
satellite system with 64 earth stations
international: country code - 55; 3 coaxial submarine cables;
satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat
(Atlantic Ocean region east), connected by microwave relay system to
Mercosur Brazilsat B3 satellite earth station
|
|
Radio broadcast stations:
|
AM 1,365, FM 296,
shortwave 161 (of which 91 are collocated with AM stations) (1999) |
|
Radios:
|
71 million (1997) |
|
Television broadcast stations:
|
138 (1997) |
|
Televisions:
|
36.5 million (1997) |
|
Internet country code:
|
.br |
|
Internet hosts:
|
4,392,693 (2005) |
|
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
|
50 (2000) |
|
Internet users:
|
25.9 million (2005)
|
|
Airports:
|
4,276 (2006) |
|
Airports - with paved runways:
|
total: 714
over 3,047 m: 8
2,438 to 3,047 m: 24
1,524 to 2,437 m: 164
914 to 1,523 m: 464
under 914 m: 54 (2006) |
|
Airports - with unpaved runways:
|
total: 3,562
1,524 to 2,437 m: 81
914 to 1,523 m: 1,634
under 914 m: 1,847 (2006) |
|
Heliports:
|
417 (2006) |
|
Pipelines:
|
condensate/gas 244 km;
gas 10,739 km; liquid petroleum gas 341 km; oil 5,212 km; refined
products 4,755 km (2004)
|
|
Railways:
|
total: 29,252 km
broad gauge: 4,877 km 1.600-m gauge (939 km electrified)
standard gauge: 194 km 1.440-m gauge
narrow gauge: 23,785 km 1.000-m gauge (581 km electrified)
dual gauge: 396 km 1.000 m and 1.600-m gauges (three rails) (78
km electrified) (2005) |
|
Roadways:
|
total: 1,724,929
km
paved: 94,871 km
unpaved: 1,630,058 km (2000) |
|
Waterways:
|
50,000 km (most in areas
remote from industry and population) (2005) |
|
Merchant marine:
|
total: 137 ships
(1000 GRT or over) 2,038,923 GRT/3,057,820 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 21, cargo 21, chemical tanker 8, container
8, liquefied gas 12, passenger/cargo 12, petroleum tanker 47, roll
on/roll off 8
foreign-owned: 15 (Chile 1, Germany 7, Norway 2, Spain 4, UK 1)
registered in other countries: 5 (Ghana 1, Liberia 3, Marshall
Islands 1) (2006) |
|
Ports and terminals:
|
Gebig, Itaqui, Rio de
Janeiro, Rio Grande, San Sebasttiao, Santos, Sepetiba Terminal, Tubarao,
Vitoria
|
|
Military branches:
|
Brazilian Army, Brazilian
Navy (Marinha do Brasil (MB), includes Naval Air and Marine Corps (Corpo
de Fuzileiros Navais)), Brazilian Air Force (Forca Aerea Brasileira,
FAB) (2006)
|
|
Military service age and obligation:
|
21-45 years of age for
compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - nine to 12
months; 17-45 years of age for voluntary service; an increasing
percentage of the ranks are "long-service" volunteer professionals;
women were allowed to serve in the armed forces beginning in early 1980s
when the Brazilian Army became the first army in South America to accept
women into career ranks; women serve in Navy and Air Force only in
Women's Reserve Corps (2001) |
|
Manpower available for military service:
|
males age 19-49:
45,586,036
females age 19-49: 45,728,704 (2005 est.) |
|
Manpower fit for military service:
|
males age 19-49:
33,119,098
females age 19-49: 38,079,722 (2005 est.) |
|
Manpower reaching military service age annually:
|
males age 18-49:
1,785,930
females age 19-49: 1,731,648 (2005 est.) |
|
Military expenditures - dollar figure:
|
$9.94 billion (2005 est.)
|
|
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
|
1.3% (2005 est.)
|
|
Transnational Issues |
Brazil |
|
Disputes - international:
|
unruly region at
convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money
laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and
fundraising for extremist organizations; uncontested dispute with
Uruguay over certain islands in the Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada
boundary streams and the resulting tripoint with Argentina; in 2004
Brazil submitted its claims to the United Nations Convention on the Law
of the Sea (UNCLOS) to extend its maritime continental margin |
|
Illicit drugs:
|
illicit producer of
cannabis; trace amounts of coca cultivation in the Amazon region, used
for domestic consumption; government has a large-scale eradication
program to control cannabis; important transshipment country for
Bolivian, Colombian, and Peruvian cocaine headed for Europe; also used
by traffickers as a way station for narcotics air transshipments between
Peru and Colombia; upsurge in drug-related violence and weapons
smuggling; important market for Colombian, Bolivian, and Peruvian
cocaine; illicit narcotics proceeds earned in Brazil are often laundered
through the financial system; significant illicit financial activity in
the Tri-Border Area |
|
 |
Information |
 |
|
Här hittar du information om alla världens länder. Listan fylls på efter hand
som jag har tid. Tyvärr så är informationen på engelska. |
|
-SM3VVZ |
|
|
